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Marta cabrera md fax11/24/2023 Connective tissue surrounds the glandular and provides support to the udder. The udder glandular parenchyma is responsible for milk synthesis and comprises tubule-alveolar glands. In addition, in some dairy breeds adapted to milking once a day, the more frequent milking does not considerably increase milk yield ( Capote et al., 2000). However, small-scale farms usually milk once daily because the increase in milk yield is insufficient to cover the extra labor costs. It is common twice daily milking in highly technological farms, obtaining 15% more milk ( Komara et al., 2009). Milking frequency highly depends on the technology used on the farm. Thus, in the case of Saanen goats 35–38 Kpa and 90–120 pulses/min or 42 Kpa and 90 pulses/min for Majorera goats have been reported as adequate milking parameters ( Le Du and Benmederbel, 1984 Billon et al., 2005 Torres et al., 2013). Milking vacuum pressure commonly ranges from 38 to 42 Kpa, the pulsation rate should be from 90 to 120 pulse/min, and the pulsation ratio should be 60/40, however the breed is always a factor to be considered when selecting suitable milking parameters. The selection of the milking parameters (vacuum pressure, pulsation rate, and pulsation ratio) is crucial to preserve the udder health and milk quality. Although goats are machine milked in developed countries, hand-milking management is still used in developing areas. ![]() The effect of milking management is highly important due to breed diversity. The variation in lactation length and persistency between breeds and management systems makes comparing scientific studies and industry standardization extremely difficult. Milk yield and composition in dairy goats also vary depending on the breed thus, the average milk ranges from 700 Kg ( Arnal et al., 2018), 3.3% fat and 2.9% protein in Saanen or Alpine to 550 Kg, 3.94% fat and 3.9% protein in Majorera breed (adjusted to 210 days records) ( Fresno et al., 2009). Moreover, lactation persistency greatly variates depending on genetic traits and the shape of the lactation curve ( Arnal et al., 2018). Thus, the lactation length in goats can differ not only depending on the breed but also on the type of management, lasting from 7 to 10 months and peaking between 4 and 8 weeks in most breeds ( Salama et al., 2005). The diversity of goat breeds impacts multiple variables, such as lactation period length, milk yield, and lactation persistency. For these reasons, the study of goat lactation is an important issue nowadays. Goats can be easily owned and maintained, and their milk is an essential source of nutrition for children. In addition, dairy goats fit the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, mainly because they reinforce the role of women in agriculture and their economic independence. Dairy goats with high-yielding genotypes are mainly located in Europe. ![]() These key factors make dairy goat production a unique alternative in developing countries. Goat milk is gaining interest due to its organoleptic properties and lower allergenic components in developed countries. Some key factors for the success of the goat industry are the greater breed diversity (>500 breeds) and their capacity to adapt to harsh conditions in most environments. Goat milk represents 2.3% of global milk production, higher than sheep (1.3%). The dairy goat industry is constantly expanding, and the global goat herd has risen exponentially during the last decade compared to sheep and cattle. The importance of dairy goats has increased in the last decades because of the higher demand for dairy goat products for human consumption. ![]() Research gaps related to how perform a quick subclinical mastitis test on dairy goat farms. Milking management protocols should be based on udder morphology characteristics which are influenced by genotype. Milk somatic cell count is not a suitable indicator for goat’s udder health.
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